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Swami Vivekananda was born at 3, rue Gourmohan Mukherjee, Shimla Pally, Kolkata (Calcutta currently facing) to January 12, 1863, Monday at 06.49 clock, during Makara Sankrantifestival in a traditional family Kayastha, and given the name Narendranath Dutta. His father Viswanath Dutta , a lawyer of Calcutta High Court was, it was considered generous, and had a liberal and progressive in social and religious. His mother Bhuvaneshwari Devi was pious and had practiced sacrifices and prayed to Shiva Varanasi Vireshwar to his son. They reported, had a dream in which Shiva rose from his meditation and said he was born as his son.thought Narendranath and personality were influenced by his parents, the father of her mind and her mother by her religious temperament. Was From his mother he learned the power of self-control One of the words of his mother, Narendranath often quoted in his later years, "will remain pure for life. Keep your own honor and never violated the honor of others. Be very quiet, but when necessary, harden not your hearts. " reported that he was master of meditation and was supposed to give the state of Samadhi. He would like to see a light sleep, and he had a vision of Buddha during his meditation. In his childhood he had a great fascination for wandering ascetics and monks.
Narendranath had diverse interests and a broad spectrum of science in philosophy, religion, history, social studies, art, literature and other subjects. a lot of interest in the Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita has shown, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. He was also well in classical music, both vocal and instrumental savvy and must have been trained under Ustad both Beni Gupta and Ahamad Khan.Since childhood, he took an active interest in physical activity, sport and other activities of the organization. When he was young, he challenged the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based oncaster and denied anything without rational proof and pragmatic test to accept.
When his father moved to Raipur in 1877 for two years and then with the whole family moved there Narendranath. At that time there were no good schools in Raipur, so his time with his father and held discussions on spiritual matters. Narendranath learned Hindi, Raipur and for the first time the question of the existence of God came to his mind. It is believed that once experienced an ecstasy during this period of life. The family returned to Calcutta in 1879, but it is believed that these two years were the turning point in his life. Raipur is sometimes called the "spiritual birth" by Swami Vivekananda. [Edit]
[Edit] College and Brahmo Samaj
Narendranath started his education at home, later he joined the institution Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Metropolitan in 1871 and in 1879 he insisted on the entrance examination to the Presidency College, Calcutta, for entering a short time and then go to General Institution. In the course of which he studied western logic, western philosophy and history of European peoples. [20] In 1881, he passed the examination of fine arts and in 1884 he asked the BA.
Narendranath to study the writings of David Hume, Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg WF Hegel, Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin.Narendra were fascinated by the evolutionary theory of Herbert Spencer, Spencer and translated book on education in Bengali for Gurudas Chattopadhyaya, his publisher. Narendra also had correspondence with Herbert Spencer for some time. In addition to his studies of Western philosophers, he was very familiar with the writings in Sanskrit and Indian know many works in Bengali. After his teachers, student Narendranath was a child prodigy. Dr. William Hastie, the principle of the Scottish Church College, where he studied during 1881 to 1884, wrote: ". Narendra is truly a genius, I have traveled far, but I never met a boy of his talent and opportunities, including in German universities, among the students of philosophy ". He was also srutidhara-a man with a prodigious memory. would have said after a discussion with Narendranath, Dr. Sarkar Mahendralal, then: "I never imagined that such a boy had to read a lot!"
Narendranath was a member of a Masonic lodge and the splinter group of the Brahma Samaj, led by Keshab Chandra Sen His initial beliefs were shaped by the concepts embodied in the Brahmo faith belong to a formless God and condemnation the worship of idols. Not content with his knowledge of philosophy, he wondered, if God and religion a part of a growing experience could be made and deeply internalized. Narendra went to ask residents of Calcutta eminent contemporaries, they come "face to face with God." , but could get no answer that satisfies.
His first encounter with Ramakrishna took place in a literature class in the General Assembly of the institution when he heard Director Rev. W. Hastie lectures on the poem by William Wordsworth The Excursion the poet and nature-mysticism. [35] In explaining the word trance in the poem, Hastie told his students that if they wanted to know the true meaning of it, they should go to Dakshineswar Ramakrishna. This prompted a visit from some of his students, including Narendranath to Ramakrishna.
Ramakrishna Paramahansa
"The magic touch of the master on the day that brought a sea change on my head. I was surprised that nothing in the real world, but God ... All I saw his Brahman.. .. I realized that I had a look at the state Advaita. Then fell upon me that the words of Scripture are not bad. From there I could not deny the conclusions of the Advaita philosophy "
Meeting with Ramakrishna Narendranath in November 1881 proved a turning point in his life.
This session Narendranath said, ". [Ramakrishna] looked like an ordinary man, with nothing remarkable about him, he uses simple language and thought," this man can be a great teacher, 'J' I crawled to him? and asked him the question I was asking others all my life. "Do you believe in God, sir" "Yes," he replied. "Can you prove, sir" "Yes" "How?.? "" Because I like it too I see you here, but in a sense much more intense. "He was immediately impressed. [...] I started going, that man every day, and I was really that religion could be given. A touch, a look that can last a life ".
Although not accept Ramakrishna Narendra his guru at the beginning and the revolt against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and he often attended.
He first Ramakrishna was seen ecstasies and visions of "phantoms of the imagination"
mere hallucinations."
As a member of the Brahmo, he rebelled against idolatry and polytheism, the worship of Kali and Ramakrishna. He rejected the Vedantism Advaitist identity with absolute as blasphemy and madness, and often made fun of the concept
Although at first could not accept Ramakrishna Narendra and his visions, he could not neglect it. It has always been in Narendra test of nature, something good before he would accept. He tested Ramakrishna, who never asked Narendra to abandon reason, and "Try to see the truth from all angles," taking into account all the arguments and examinations with patience Narendra was his answer.During five years of its formation with Ramakrishna, Narendra was a restless, puzzled, impatient youth to a mature man who is ready, was converted to give everything for the sake of God-realization. In time, Narendra accepted Ramakrishna as the guru, and if accepted, its acceptance was with all my heart and with total dedication as a student.
In 1885 Ramakrishna suffered from throat cancer and it was later changed to Calcutta and Cossipore. Ramakrishna Vivekananda and took care of his brother disciples during his last days. The spiritual formation of Vivekananda Ramakrishna continued under there. On Cossipore, Vivekananda would have lived Nirvikalpa Samadhi. In the last days of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and some other students received ocher robes of monastic Ramakrishna, the Ramakrishna Order of the first formed. Vivekananda taught that service to the people was the most effective worship of God. It is reported that, Ramakrishna Vivekananda doubted claim avatar, Ramakrishna reportedly said, ". He who was Rama wasKrishna who himself is now Ramakrishna in this body " During his last days, Ramakrishna Vivekananda asked to care for other students to accept and monastic, in turn urged them to Vivekananda as their chef. the condition of Ramakrishna gradually deteriorated and he died in the early morning hours of August 16, 1886 Cossipore the garden shed. According to his disciples, this was Mahasamadhi.
Muhammad Iqbal was born November 9, 1877 Born in Sialkot in the Punjab province of British India in Pakistan today. During the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, after scholar Bruce Lawrence ancestors Kashmir Kashmiri Pandit Iqbal had converted to Islam. According to some sources. "The family had emigrated from Kashmir, where Iqbal Brahmin ancestors converted to Islam Iqbal" wrote often about his being "a son to know the Brahmins of Kashmir, but (being) with the wisdom of rum and Tabriz. "
Iqbal's father, Nur Muhammad was a tailor, , the lack of formal education, but the devotion to Islam and Sufism, and a "color mystical piety." Iqbal's mother was "wise known. Generous woman who has given quiet financial support for poor women and the needy and referee disputes in neighboring countries "in the family as a After his mother died in 1914, Iqbal wrote an elegy for her:
Anxiously waiting for me in my house?
Who would display agitation, if my letter can not
I will be your grave with this complaint can be found at:
Who will think of me in prayer at midnight?
All your life that you love served with dedication,
If I stand, now to serve you, you left.
At age four, Iqbal was young regularly sent a mosque, where he learned to read the Koran in Arabic. The following year, and for many years, Iqbal was a disciple of Syed Hassan Mir, then head of the madrasa in Sialkot, and later become a well known Muslim scholar. A lawyer for the European secular education for Muslims of British India to convince the tradition of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Iqbal Hassan's father to send him to college in Sialkot Scotch Mission, where Hassan was appointed Professor of Arabic. Two years later, in 1895, Iqbal received the Faculty of Arts graduate of the University.
This year, his family arranged for him Iqbal Karim Bibi, the daughter of an affluent Gujrati physician married to. The couple had two children: a daughter, Mi'raj Begum (born 1895) and a son, Aftab (born 1899). Iqbal, the third child, a son, died shortly after birth. Husband and wife were divorced, unhappy in her marriage, and finally in 1916.
Later this year, Iqbal entered the Government College in Lahore where he studied philosophy, English literature and Arabic and obtained a Bachelor of Arts and graduated cum laude. He won a gold medal for first place in the consideration of philosophy. While studying for his masters degree, Iqbal came under the influence of Sir Thomas Arnold, a scholar of Islam and modern philosophy at the university. Arnold exposed the young man to Western culture and ideas, and served as a bridge for Iqbal between the ideas of East and West. Iqbal has been appointed to a readership in Arabic at the Oriental College in Lahore, and he published his first book in Urdu, knowledge of the economy in 1903. In 1905 Iqbal published the patriotic song, Tarana-e-Hind (Song of India).
When Sir Thomas encouragement, Iqbal went to Europe and spent several years studying there. Before leaving for London, he visited the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi and wrote a poem to emphasize the great famous Sufi and confirmed by its own connection to life to Sufism. He received a BA from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1907, while studying law at Lincoln's inn, where he was trained as a lawyer in 1908. In Europe, he began to write his poems in Persian as well. Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer to write in Persian thought, as it allows him to fully express philosophical concepts, and gave him a wider audience. He was then in England, he first of all in politics. After the formation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906, Iqbal was elected to the board of the British section in 1908. Together with two other politicians, Syed Hassan Bilgrami and Syed Ameer Ali, Iqbal sat in the sub-committee which prepared the Constitution of the Federation. In 1907, Iqbal went to Germany to pursue a Ph.D. at the Faculty of Philosophy at Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University. Working under the supervision of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published a thesis entitled. Development of Metaphysics in Persia
literary career
After his return to India in 1908, Iqbal took an Assistant Professor Government College in Lahore, but for financial reasons, he was there in a year as a lawyer. During this time, Iqbal's personal life was in turmoil. He divorced Karim Bibi in 1916, but financial support for themselves and their children for the rest of his life.
While maintaining his legal practice, Iqbal began concentrating on spiritual and religious topics and publishing poetry and literary works. He became active in the Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam, a congress of Muslim intellectuals, writers and poets, and politicians. In 1919 he was appointed Secretary General of the Organization. Iqbal thought in its efforts primarily on spiritual direction and development of human society, to focus the experiences of his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was deeply influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Bergson and Goethe. It quickly became a sharp critic of Western society, the separation of religion and state, and what he calls his obsession with materialism prosecution.
Poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal's mind. Deeply rooted in religion since childhood, Iqbal began to focus intensely on the study of Islam, culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, and enjoy Rumi as "his guide" . Iqbal would Rumi in the role of leadership in several of his poems feature. Works on Iqbal reminds his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization, and delivers the message to focus on a pure, spiritual center of Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and between Muslim nations, and often alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or umma.
Works in Persian
Iqbal poetic works are written mostly in Persian rather than Urdu. Among its 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian. In 1915 he published his first collection of poetry, the Asrar-e-Khudi (Secrets of the Self) in Persian. The poems focus on the spirit and self from a religious, spiritual perspective. Many critics have the best poetry of Iqbal In Asrar-e-Khudi, Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi," or "self." Iqbal, the use of "Khudi" is synonymous with the word "Rooh" mentioned in the Koran. "Rooh" is the divine spark is in every human being, and was in Adam, God ordered the angels to prostrate before Adam. You must make a long journey of transformation, the divine spark that calls to make Iqbal "Khudi".
A metaphor for the journey can be understood through the relationship between odor and seeds. Each seed has the potential to reach the scent itself, but for her perfume, the seed must be all the different changes and stages: first, out of his shell. Then the ground breaks coming to light, root development at the same time. Then the battle against the elements, leaves and flowers grow. Finally culminated in reaching the perfume that was hidden in it. Even his Khudi or ROOH, we must go through the steps to reach the more spiritual than Iqbal had been through it, and encourage others to travel. Not all seeds on the level of perfume, and many die on the way - is incomplete. Similarly, only a few people climb this Mount Everest of spirituality, the most consumed on the way to get by materialism.
The same concept was developed by Farid ud Din Attar in his "Mantaq-ul-Tair" is used. He proves by various means, the whole universe obeys the will of the "Me." Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the purpose of life self-realization and self-knowledge. It traces the steps that the "self" before they finally arrive at its peak of perfection, so that the connoisseur of the "self" for be sent to a representative of God.
In his rumuz-e-Bekhudi (Boards of altruism), Iqbal seeks to prove that Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation to profitability. A man should always have their individual characteristics intact but once he reached his personal ambitions for the sake of sacrifice of the nation. You can not recognize the "self" outside of society. Also in Persian and published in 1917, this group of poems that the main themes of the ideal community, Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between individual and society. While it is true in Islam, Iqbal also recognizes the positive aspects of other religions analog. The rumuz-e-Bekhudi complements the emphasis on self-determination in the Asrar-e-Khudi and the two collections are often in the same volume under the title Asrar-e-set rumuz (hinting Secrets). It is the Muslims led the world.
Iqbal sees the individual and his community as reflections of each other. Can strengthen the individual needs, before moving to the community, whose development in turn depends on the integrated conservation of the collective ego. It is through contact with others who have an ego to accept the limits of their own freedom and learns the meaning of love. Muslim communities need to sustain life and must therefore preserve their communal tradition. It is in this context that Iqbal sees the vital role of women as mothers are directly responsible for inculcating values to their children.
Iqbal, 1924 publication of Payam-e-Mashriq (The Message of the East) is closely related to the West-Eastern Diwan by the famous German poet Goethe. Goethe complained that the West has become too materialistic in Outlook, and expects that the Middle send a message of hope to revive the spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a point west of the importance of morality, religion and civilization by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, passion and dynamism. He explained that the individual has never aspire to higher dimensions, when he learns the nature of spirituality.In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented his book "Payam-e Mashreq" King Amanullah Khan in which he admired the liberal movements of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933 he was officially associated with Afghanistan to participate in meetings on the establishment of Kabul University.
The Psalms-e-Ajam (Persian Psalms), published in 1927, includes poems Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed (Garden of New Secrets) and bandages Nama (Book of Slavery). In Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed, Iqbal first poses questions, answers and ideas with the help of ancient and modern, showing how it works and cares of the world to act. Bandag Nama sentenced to slavery in attempting to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, it is well in the present and the future, but also love, enthusiasm and energy to fill the ideal life.
Aurobindo Ghose was born in a Kayastha family in Calcutta, India. His father, Dr. Krishna Dhan Ghose was surgeon Rangapur District, Bengal. His mother, Swarnalata Devi is the daughter of religious and social reformer Brahmo Rajnarayan Basu.Aravinda means "lotus" in Sanskrit. Aurobindo wrote his name while Aravinda in England, or as to any Aravind Arvind Baroda, Aurobindo, and how, when he moved to Bengal. The name is pronounced Ghose, and usually in English, which appears as "Ghosh", and Aurobindo often called "Arabindo Ghosh" academic sources in English. Dr. Ghose has chosen the name in honor of his friend Annette Akroyd Akroyd.
Aurobindo spent his first five years written Rangapur, where his father had since October 1871. Dr Ghose, who has lived in Britain and studied medicine at Kings College, Aberdeen, found that her children an English education and free education of Indian influences. In 1877, he has therefore sent the young Aurobindo and two older brothers - Manmohan Ghose and Ghose Benoybhusan - the Loreto convent school in Darjeeling
England
Aurobindo spent two years in the convent of Loreto. In 1879 were Aurobindo and his two older brothers over in Manchester, England, to a European. The brothers were placed in the care of Rev. and Mrs. Drewett. Rev. Drewett was an Anglican pastor, Dr. Ghose by his British friends knew Rangapur. The Drewett advised the brothers Ghose private. The Drewett had been asked to ensure that tuition completely secular India and not mentioned or to its culture.
In 1884, Aurobindo joined St Pauls School. He learned Greek and Latin, spending three years reading literature, especially poetry in English. Dr KD Ghose had wanted his son of the prestigious Indian Civil Service should happen, but in 1889 it appears that the three brothers, one young Aurobindo, had the chance to meet the ambitions of his father, his brothers, who have already chosen their career the future. ICS officer, students were required to pass the rigorous selection process, as well as studies in an English university for two years of probation. With limited financial resources, was the only way to secure Aurobindo had a purse in a British university, he has a scholarship from Kings College, University of Cambridge. He was first in the survey. He also passed the written examination of the ICS, after a few months, where he finished 11th of 250 competitors. He spent the next two years at Kings College.
At the end of two years probation, Aurobindo believe that he has not got used to the British, it does not have to participate in the equestrian event for the presence of the ICS and was disqualified for the service. At that time, the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III of England travel. James Cotton, brother of Sir Henry Cotton, for a time Lieutenant Governor of Bengal and the secretary of the South Kensington Liberal Club, the Aurobindo knew his father and secured for him a service in the State of Baroda and arranged a meeting between him and Prince. He left England for India, where he arrived in February 1893rd In India, Aurobindo's father, who waits for his son was his agent in Bombay (now Mumbai) misinformed the vessel covered Aurobindo sank off the coast of Portugal. Dr. Ghose was fragile at this time because of ill health could not withstand the shock and dies.
In Baroda, Aurobindo joined the civil service, working first in the department of investigation and settlement, later he moved to the Department of Revenue and then the Secretariat in writing speeches for the Gaekwad. In Baroda, Aurobindo engaged in a deep study of Indian culture, teaching himself Sanskrit, Hindi and Bengali, which had deprived him of his education in England. Due to the lack of punctuality at work, which was out of his employment with these other activities, Baroda Aurobindo college as a French teacher, he was transferred popular because of his unorthodox style of teaching. Later he was appointed vice-principal. He published the first of his volumes of poetry, from Baroda.He Rishi also actively interested in politics of the freedom struggle of India against British rule, working behind the scenes, as its position in the State of Baroda refuse, for obvious political activity. He has been associated with resistance groups in Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, during the tour of these countries. He put in contact with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita. He also arranged for military training Jatindra Nath Banerjee (Niralamba Swami) in the Baroda army and was sent to opposition groups to organize in Bengal. It was KG Deshpande invited whoever was responsible for Induprakash weekly and a friend of his time in Cambridge to write about the political situation. Aurobindo to write a series of articles entitled passionate new lamps for old started pouring vitriol on the Congress for its moderate policy. He wrote:
"Our real enemy is not a force outside of us, but our own crying weaknesses, our cowardice, our selfishness, our hypocrisy, our stupid sentimentality"
further and adds:
"I told the Congress, and then - that the goals are wrong, that the spirit in which it continues towards its fulfillment, not a spirit of sincerity and carefree together, and that the methods chosen are not the right methods, and leaders in whom he trusts, not the right kind of men who are leaders, -. In short, we present the blind led, if not by the blind, at least since the one-eyed "
Congress, the practice of self-criticism mild to moderate, responded in a way to write the editor of the Aurobindo on cultural issues rather than policy called fear. Aurobindo lost interest in this series the writings and activities discontinued.Aurobindo's in Baroda was also a therapy with yoga exercises and meditation, but they have been compared to his work would later in his life. Until 1904, he was there to yoga exercises 5-6 hours a day.
Calcutta
Aurobindo used to take many trips in Bengal, set up originally in the application for restoration of ties with parents, families and other Bengali parents, including his cousin, and my brother Barin Sarojini, and later more and more on resistance groups in Bengal. But it has officially moved to Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1906 just after the announcement of the partition of Bengal. During his visit to Calcutta in 1901, he married Mrinalini, daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a senior official in the public service. Aurobindo Ghose was then 28, and married Mrinalini, 14 Girls marry at a young age is very common in the 19th Century Bengali families.
Sri Aurobindo chaired a meeting of the National Congress in Surat, 1907
In Bengal, using Barin is it made contact with the revolutionaries, radicals such as Bagha Jatin inspiring, Jatin Banerjee, Surendranath Tagore. He helped found a number of youth clubs in order to communicate a spiritual and military training of the youth of Bengal. He helped found the Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta in 1902. If the partition of Bengal was announced, there was a public outpouring against British rule in India. Aurobindo attended the meeting of the Benares Congress in December 1905 as an observer and witness to the intensity of the feelings of the people decided to jump into the thick of politics. He joined the National Council for Education and Subodh Chandra Mullick met, which quickly became a supporter of views Aurobindo. Mullick donated a large sum in a national college found and determined that Aurobindo was his first to be principal. Aurobindo began writing Bande Mataram, thus increasing its popularity as the main spokesman for the hardline group. His arrest and acquittal for printing seditious material in Bande Mataram has consolidated its position as a leader of aggressive nationalists. His call for full political independence was considered extremely radical at the time and the friction often caused by Congress. In 1907, in Surat session of Congress, where the moderates and the extremists had a big showdown, he led the hardliners with Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Congress has made divided by the Aurobindo session.In 1907-1908 to strengthen Pune, Bombay Baroda and support for the national cause, speeches and meetings of various groups. He was arrested again in May 1908 in conjunction with Alipore bomb case. It was isolated in the subsequent trial acquitted and released after one year in prison. Once out of prison, he started two new publications in English and Bengali Karmayogin Dharma. He provided the s Uttarpara speech: Uttarpara speech referring to the transformation of its focus on spiritual things. British continued the pursuit, because his writings and in his new magazine in April 1910 signaling Aurobindo retired policy, went to Pondicherry.
Dayananda was born February 12, 1824 in Tankari city near Morvai (morbidity) in the region Kathiawar (since Indian independence in 1947, Rajkot district) of the princely state of Gujarat, in the rich and pious Brahmin family Saryupareen Karshanji Lalji Tiwari and his wife Yashodabai. Since he was born in Mul Nakshatra, he was named "Mulshankar," and led a comfortable life at the beginning, studying Sanskrit, the Vedas and other religious texts, to prepare for a future as a Hindu priest.
A series of incidents in early childhood led Dayananda questioning traditional beliefs of Hinduism and asked God. While still a child when his family went to a temple for worship in a night on the night of Maha Shivratri, he stayed to wait for the Lord Shiva appear to accept the offer of his idol. While his family slept, Dayananda saw mice eating the offerings. He was surprised and wondered how a God who can not even protect its own offer would protect humanity. He argued with his father not to worship God as an impotent.
The death of her younger sister and uncle from cholera caused Dayananda to reflect on the meaning of life and death, and he began to ask questions that worried his parents. It was to be married in his early youth, as in the nineteenth century in India usual, but decided the marriage was not for him and in 1846 ran away from home.
Dayananda was disillusioned with classical Hinduism and became a wandering monk. He learned to read texts in Sanskrit grammar of Panini and understand from them that God can be found. After wandering in search of God for over two decades, he has found near Mathura Virajananda Swami, Uttar Pradesh, who was his guru. Virajananda Swami asked him to remove all his books as he wanted to start fresh and clean Dayananda learn directly from the Vedas, the scriptures of the oldest and most fundamental to Hinduism. Swami Dayananda stayed under the tutelage Virjananda for two and a half years. After completing his training, he asked Virjananda knowledge of Vedas in society that his Gurudakshina or distribute the fees.
Mission Dayanand
Aum or Om is to be the ((Arya Samaj)) as the name of the highest and cleanest of God.
Dayananda mission was to tell the universal brotherhood of humanity by the nobility, as written in the Vedas and its first step was the inclusion of the difficult task of reforming Hinduism with dedication, despite repeated attempts on multiple his life. He traveled the country challenging religious scholars and priests in the debate and won again on the strength of his arguments on his knowledge of Sanskrit and base damage Vedas.He thought Hinduism was characterized by deviation from the principles base of the Veda and Hindus have been misled by the priesthood of the "priests self-glorification. Hindu priests discouraged the layman from reading Vedic scriptures and encouraged rituals, such as bathing in the Ganges and handed power of the priests on anniversaries Dayananda as a superstition or selfish practices. In urging the people to reject as superstition, its purpose was the nation to educate the Vedas. Then he followed the man on the Vedic life, he wanted also urged the nation to social reforms such as the abolition of untouchability, sati, and dowry, education for women, swadeshi and importance of cows to national prosperity and the adoption of Hindi as the national language accepted. Through his teaching, preaching, sermons and writings, where he inspired the nation to work Swarajya (self-administration), nationalism and spiritualism. He advocated equality and respect for women and called for the full development of a little girl.
Swami Dayananda was critical, logical analysis and scientific of all religions namely Islam and Christianity and other Indian religions like Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, in addition to denouncing the worship of idols in Hinduism, as seen in his book Satyarthi Prakash. He was against what he is like the corruption of the pure faith in his own country. Unlike many other reform movements within Hinduism, the Arya Samaj was not the only attraction for the few studies in India but the world is judged as a whole in the sixth principle is the Arya Samaj. In his teachings profess shows the universality of all living beings and not for any sect, creed particular community or nation.
Arya Samaj allows and encourages converts to Hinduism.
Dayananda concept of dharma is indicated in the "belief and unbelief" section Satyarthi Prakash. He said:
"I agree that the dharma, which in full conformity with impartial justice, truthfulness and others do not preclude that the teachings of God, embodied in the Vedas, which is not of partisanship and without unfair that some lies, and so on. and contrary to the teachings of the Vedas personified God, I want as adharma "
He also said
"He who, after careful consideration is always ready to accept and reject the truth, lying, with the happiness of others, that which is what I call only.
The message Vedic Dayananda was supported on respect and reverence for other people, by the Vedic notion of the divine nature of individual stress divine, because the body is the temple where the human being (soul or "Atman" ) had the opportunity to interface with the Creator ("Paramatma"). In the ten principles of Arya Samaj, he registered the idea that "all actions whose primary purpose in the interest of the people is carried out" as opposed to following dogmatic rituals or worship idols and icons . Emancipation in his own life, he interpreted Moksha to a lower number (due to their use by one person) other than an appeal to be.
Dayananda "back to the Vedas" message influenced many thinkers and philosophers of the world. Decided under him Aurobindo, Sri psychological meanings hidden in the Vedas, Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry to watch.
Swami Dayananda creation, the Arya Samaj unequivocally condemned idolatry, animal sacrifices, ancestor worship, pilgrimages, priest craft offerings made in temples, the caste system, untouchability, child marriage and discrimination against women on the grounds that all these lacked Vedic sanction. The Arya Samaj advises dogma and symbolism and encourages skepticism in beliefs that are contrary to common sense and logic. For many people, the Arya Samaj aims to be a "universal society" based on the authority of the Vedas.
Dead
In 1883 Dayananda was invited by the Maharaja of Jodhpur, to stay in his palace. The Maharaja was eager to become his student and learn its lessons. One day, Dayananda went to the break room of the Maharaja and saw him dancing with a girl. Dayananda boldly asked the Maharaja's daughter and leave all the unethical actions and to follow the dharma as a true Aryan. Dayananda proposal insults the dancer, and she decided to take revenge. She bribed Dayananda cook to poison him. Before going to bed, the cook brought him a glass of milk with poison and glass powder. Dayananda drank milk and fell asleep to wake up later with a burning sensation. He recognized immediately that he had been poisoned, and tried to clean the digestive system of the toxic substance, but it was too late. The poison had already entered his blood. Dayananda was bedridden and suffered excruciating pain. Many doctors came to treat him, but in vain. His body was covered all over with large bleeding wounds. On seeing Dayananda's suffering the cook was overcome by guilt and remorse unsustainable. He confessed his crime to Dayananda. On his deathbed Dayananda forgave him and gave him a bag of money and told him to flee the kingdom, he discovered and executed by men of the Maharaja.
Roy was Radhanagore, Bengali, born in August 1772 or May 22, 1774, in the Brahmin caste Rarhi His family background displayed religious diversity. Ramkanto father Roy was a Vaishnavite, while his mother was from a family Tarinidevi Shiva. It was not unusual for Vaishanavites Shaivite likely to marry at that time. One parent wanted him so much a scholar, a sastrin, while the other wanted him to pursue a career dedicated to laukik, government was secular.He wandered around the Himalayas and went to Tibet.
Top political and religious career (1792-1820)
Ram Mohan Roy influence on modern Indian history, there was a revival of the ethical principles of the Vedanta school of philosophy found in the Upanishads. He preached about the oneness of God, made the first translations of Vedic scriptures into English, co-founder of the Unitarian Society of Calcutta, founded the Brahmo Samaj began, and against sati. He tried to integrate the features of Western culture with the traditions of his own country. He founded schools, to modernize a system of education in India.
During these overlapping periods [when?] Ram Mohan Roy traded as a political agitator and agent, while the East India Company and employs the same goal of his vocation as an expert.
In 1792, British Baptist missionary tract published shoemaker William Carey "a demand for their duties as Christians a way to convert the heathen use. To adjust landed the following year, William Carey in India. Its purpose was to translate and publish distribute the Bible in the Indian languages and spread Christianity to the indigenous peoples., the Brahmins "mobile" (ie, classes of service) and recognized experts were most able to help in this endeavor and he started to collect them. He learned. Buddhist and Jain religious works as an agent for his argument in the promotion of Christianity in the cultural context to improve in 1795, Carey has contacted a scholar in Sanskrit The Tantric Hariharananda Vidyabagish,, who later himself Ram Mohan Roy, Roy wanted to learn English.
Between 1796 and 1797, the trio of Carey and Roy Vidyavagish false religious work as "Maha Nirvana Tantra" (or "Book of Great Liberation") have indicated [8] and tried to portray it as a text ancient religious, "one true God," which was actually the Holy Spirit of Christianity masquerading as Brahma. The legal document sections were used in the courts of the English colony in Bengal as Hindu law for clients in disputes of ownership of the zamindari. However, the British judge and the collector [Who?] began to suspect him as a fake, use and reliance on experts as sources of Hindu law, was quickly rejected. Vidyavagish a short argument with Carey and separated from the group but remained connections to Ram Mohan Roy. The Maha Nirvana Tantra was important for Brahmoism in wealth, and Rammohan Roy Dwarkanath Tagore gained by its use of the court, not because of religious wisdom in.
In 1799, Carey was joined by missionary Joshua Marshman and William Ward, of the printer to the Danish rules Serampore.
From 1803 to 1815 Rammohan served the East India Company "Writing Service" begins as a private clerk "Munshi" to Thomas Woodforde, Registrar of the Court of Appeal Murshidabad,, whose distant nephew, also a magistrate, and later life of Maha Nirvana Tantra bad under the pseudonym Arthur Avalon. Founded in 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Atmiya Sabhan spent many years [when?] In Rangpur and elsewhere with Digby, where he again contacts with Hariharananda. William Carey was at that time settled in Serampore and the trio renewed their association with each other. William Carey was also with the English company, then to Fort William made his headquarters, and its political and religious ambitions were increasingly interdependent.
The East India Company took the money from India at a rate of £ 3 million per year in 1838. Ram Mohan Roy estimated how much money was driven out of India, where it up. He predicted that about half of total revenue collected in India was sent to England, to India to fill taxes with the remaining money.
At the turn of the 19th century century, Muslims, although significantly reduced after the battles of Plassey and Buxar, still presented a political threat to society. Rammohan has now chosen by Carey, the agitator among them.
Secrets under the tutelage of Carey in the next two decades, launched his attack against the strongholds of Hinduism Rammohan Bengal, namely his own Kulin Brahmin priestly clan (such as control of the many temples of Bengal) and excess priesthood. Social and theological issues Carey chose to Rammohan were calculated to weaken the hold of the ruling class Kulin, especially the younger son of their poor service, the movable needle or "bhadralok" of Bengal from the Mughal system zamindari forced up and point to their new masters of society. Kulin excesses targeted include child marriage and dowry. In fact, Carey Raja tried to convert to Christianity and convert to a religious order priest named Raja try, although the priests later accepted Hinduism.
Middle "Brahmo" period (1820-1830)
Among his published works Sivanath Sastri wrote that Roy was part of a second call to the Christian public. Niche magazines Brahma, Parts I, II and III, with Bengali translation and a new Bengali newspaper called SAMBAD Kaumudi, was treated in 1821. In 1822, a Persian newspaper contained the names of Meerut-ul-Akbar is a treatise entitled "brief remarks on the rights of an old woman," a book in Bengali called Answers to four questions was published the same year. The third and final appeal to the Christian population was in 1823. Roy wrote a letter to Rev. H. Ware on "Prospects of Christianity in India" and a "Call for Aboriginal Smitten Famine in South India" in 1824th of a tube in Bengali qualifications of a loving God of the house, a leaflet in Bengali on a controversy with a Kayastha and grammar of the Bengali language of the English language were written in 1826. A tube in Sanskrit on "the cult of Gayatri" with an English translation, editing a Sanskrit work against caste, and pathways previously noted that "a Hindu answer to the question" was published 1827th A form of worship, and a collection of hymns composed by Roy and friends in 1828. "Religious Instructions founded on Sacred Authorities" in 1829, was published in English and Sanskrit, Bengali, a leaflet entitled "Anusthan" was this year. A petition against sati was also in 1829. In 1830, Roy was in the amount of a tube in Bengali, a book on Bengali language Bengali, the trust of the Brahmo Samaj an address, Lord William Bentinck, congratulating him for the abolition of Sati, a document in English on the arguments from the burning of widows, and a play in English on the sale of ancestral property by Hindus.
Life and death in England (1830-1833)
In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy visited the UK from the port Khejuri, then the port of Bengal and is currently in East Midnapore, West Bengal. At the time Roy was an ambassador of the Mughal emperor Akbar II, to convince the title of Raja by the British government for the good of India and to ensure that the Lord Bentick Regulation on the ban the practice of Sati was not repealed. Roy has also visited France.
Roy died in Stapleton, who was then a village in the northeast of Bristol, but now a suburb of September 27 1833rd His death was meningitis, he was buried in the cemetery at Arnos Vale in South Bristol .
Originally named Manikarnika and nicknamed Manu, was born November 19, 1835, that a Kashi (Varanasi), Maharashtrian Brahmin family Karhade uh, the daughter of MOROP Tambe Tambe and Bhagirathibai born. She lost her mother was at the age of four years and taught at home. His father worked at the court in MOROP Tambe Bithoor the Peshwa, who you grew up as his own daughter, and called them "Chhabili" for their lightness.
Due to the influence of his father on Rani Lakshmi Bai court had more independence than most women, who are used A zenana were limited. She has studied self-defense, horseback riding, archery and even founded his own army of his friends in the courtyard. Tatya Tope, was like a nightmare Die by the British during the "Great Revolt of 1857" was considered Lakshmi Bai guardian. The War With Raja Rao Gangadhar Newalkar, married the Maharaja of Jhansi in 1842 and became the queen of Jhansi died. After his marriage with the name of Lakshmi Raja Bai.The war was given very affectionate with her. She gave birth to a son Damodar Rao in 1851. However, the child died, uh, if war four months. after the death of his son hat Die Raja Rani of Jhansi and Anand Rao. Anand Rao, Gangadhar Rao, the son of cousin.He war that later renamed Damodar Rao. However, it is, that the Raja of Jhansi was recovering from the death of Senna NIA son, and died November 21 1853rd
Anand Rao was accepted because, had the East India Company, under the Governor General Lord Dalhousie, a doctrine under the guise of forfeiture to the east, the refusal Die Rao to claim the throne. Dalhousie annexed Jhansi and then said that the throne had "lost" and the right claimed, Jhansi under his protection. In March 1854 War you a pension of 60,000 rupees and if the order to leave the palace and the Jhansi Fort, but was refused by her.
Revolution of 1857
The 10 Indian rebellion began in May 1857 in Meerut die. It started after rumors that the new cartridges for the Lee Enfield rifles with pork and beef fat were coated, British commanders have insisted on their use and began to anyone who does not respect the discipline. During the Sepoy rebellion killed many British soldiers and officers of the East India Company.
Spread of disturbances across India started dancing. Meanwhile chaos, the British were forced to turn their attention elsewhere, and was essentially Lakshmi Bai Jhansi privileges to govern alone. Meanwhile, they could remove their troops quickly and efficiently loads of skirmishes IN Jhansi. Could maintain this leadership by Lakshmi Bai relatively calm and peaceful in the middle of the kingdom of Jhansi disorders. For example, you led the ceremony Haldi-kumkum in style mainly to give women of Jhansi their subjects and certainty to convince them that war Jhansi under any threat of attack.
Until that time, she had hesitated to rebel against the British, and there is still some controversy about their role in the massacre of the HEIC British officials and their wives and children on June 8, 1857 at Bagh Jokhan .Sat hesitate finally over, came as British troops under Sir Hugh Rose and Jhansi siege pm 23rd March 1858. They have joined forces around them, and beaten. An army of 20,000, Die rebel leader Tatya Tope cable was sent to relieve Jhansi Lakshmi Bai and s are dying for freedom. But the British, but there was Die numbering in the region in 1540, um not break the encirclement, disciplined and better educated than the recruits, and these inexperienced soldiers fled shortly after the British began the 31st h Attack in March. Lakshmi Bai and troops could not take three days later, managed to break Die Wall British city and take the city. Lakshmi Bai escaped by jumping in the wall of the of the night with your son and Flea of their city, surrounded by their guards, including many women.
Together with the young Anand Rao, Rani Die fallow Calpee with their forces, where they together with other rebels, including Tatya Tope. The Rani and Tatya Tope Ching in Gwalior, where the rebels defeated the combined army Die Maharaja of Gwalior after leaving the rebel armies. Then occupied a strategic fortress Gwalior. However, 17th hour in June 1858, the fight against the warrior insignia 8th (King of the Royal Irish) Hussars The IN Kotah-ki Serai near Phool Bagh area of Gwalior, is dead. The British captured Gwalior three days later. In the report of the battle the British General Hugh Rose noted that the Rani, "for their beauty, remarkable intelligence and perseverance," was "the most dangerous of all the rebel leaders."
But the absence of a corpse to convince the captain convinced Rhees A Lakshmibai, they do not really killed in the battle for Gwalior, are identified publicly that "[Die] pure lives of Jhansi." It is believed his funeral day got hurt even close to where it was placed war.
Rani War bronze statues have Jhansi and Gwalior, Die as she recalls the horse show. An equestrian statue further to see Agra, UP.
His father, MOROP Tambey, was captured and hanged a few days after the fall of Jhansi. His adopted son, Damodar Rao (formerly known as Anand Rao), fled with the aid of his mother. Rao was then given a pension from the British Raj and cared for, but he received his inheritance NIA. Damodar Rao settled in the city of Indore (Madhya Pradesh). He spent more time Senes Die life trying to convince the British Die, restore certain rights seiner. He and his descendants took the name Jhansiwale. He died 28th May 1906 h, at the age of 58.
Mangal Pandey was born July 19, 1827 in the village of Nagwa, district Ballia in Uttar Pradesh in India in a Brahmin family Bhumihar.
He joined the East India Company troops in 1849 at the age of 22. Pandey was part of the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry, and is best known for his involvement in an attack against several officers of the regiment. This incident marked the opening of the scene, which came as the Indian Mutiny of 1857 known to be or the first war of Indian independence. It is said [by whom?], A devout Hindu who Pandey, who was busy practicing his religion.
The incident of 1857
Barrackpore the afternoon of March 29, 1857, was Lieutenant Baugh, Adjutant of the 34th Native Bengal Infantry (BNI), reported that several men of his regiment were in an excited state. It was also reported to him that one of them, Mangal Pandey, was before the parade of the regiment by the guard room, armed with a loaded gun stimulation of rebels to the invitation to men, and threaten transforming the first European he set up his eyes. Baugh immediately buckled on his sword, placed loaded pistols in his holsters, mounted his horse and galloped to the lines. Pandey took a seat behind the gun station, which, before the quarter-finals of the 34th Guard was to Baugh and fired. He missed Baugh, but the ball hit his horse in the flank, and the horse and rider were overthrown. [2] Baugh quickly disentangled himself and grabbed a pistol, approached Pandey and fired. He missed. Before Baugh could draw his sword, Pandey attacked with Talwar (Indian heavy sword) and concludes with the adjutant, he cut on the shoulder and neck and led him to the ground. It was then that another sepoy tried Paltu Sheikh and intervened to prevent Pandey, while trying to reload his gun.
British Sergeant-Major Hewson, had arrived on the ground, called by a local agent, before Baugh. He had ordered jemadar Ishwari Prasad, the Indian officer to command the quarter-guard to arrest Mangal Pandey. For this, the jemadar protested that his officers had gone for help and it does not take credit for Pandey. So ordered Hewson Ishwari Prasad, fall into his guard with a loaded gun. In the meantime, Baugh had arrived on the ground shouting, "Where is he? Where is he? "Hewson said Baugh, 'Ride on the right side, sir, for your life. Sepoys will shoot you!" At this point Pandey fired.
Hewson had charged towards Pandey as he fought with Lieutenant Baugh. He locked in combat with Pandey and was on the ground from behind by a musket shot hit Pandey. The sound of the fire had brought other sepoys from the barracks, they remained mute spectators. At this point, Sheikh Paltu, in an attempt to support both the English Sepoys Sepoys other others who threw stones and shoes on his back to defend him.Assailed called, he asked the guard to keep Pandey but they threatened to kill him if he does not let go of Pandey.
Some of the sepoys of the quarter-guard, and then advanced and struck two officers. They then threatened Sheikh Paltu and ordered him to Pandey, he had tried in vain to hold release. However, continue to hold Pandey until Baugh and Sergeant Paltu had time to get up. [2] even now wounded, was forced to loosen its grip Paltu. It gave way in one direction and Baugh and Hewson in another, when they were beaten with the butts of muskets of the guards.
In the interim report had on the incident to the Commanding General Hearsey, who was then taken to a gallop on the floor with his two son. Below the stage, he rode up to the hilt, drew his pistol and ordered them to do their duty by entering Mangal Pandey. General threatened the first man who disobeys shoot. The men of the guard came and followed the direction Hearsey Pandey. Pandey, then put the muzzle to his chest and squeezed by pressing the trigger with his foot. It stopped bleeding and retrieves his jacket with the regiment on the fire, but not fatal wounded.Pandey and was found less than a week later. When asked if he was under the influence of substances, he confessed with bhang (cannabis) and opium used late.He pleaded, not knowing what he was doing when he is drunk. He stated firmly that he mutinied at his own request and that no one had played a role in egging. When asked to defend themselves, he said. "I did not know what I did I did not know who I am and injured, I did not say what I want, I have nothing further to say that I..? No evidence. "It was put to death by hanging with three members of Sikh jemadar testified quarter guard sentenced him that she had been instructed not to arrest Pandey".
Mangal Pandey was executed for April 18 expected, but 10 days was made before that date. Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was born on April 21 executed by hanging.
